名詞性從句
[語境中體悟用法]
朗讀下面短文，體會、領悟加黑連接詞引導的是什么從句，在從句中作什么成分。
What worries my classmate, Mary, a lot these days① is that she puts on too much weight and is frequently ill②.She has some doubts whether she eats too much fast food high in fat or sugar③.Also, with the College Entrance Examination approaching, she becomes more stressful and she couldn't sleep well these days.Maybe this is also the cause that she becomes fatter these days④， she thinks. How she becomes slimmer and healthier⑤ has been her main task. So she wants to consult some experts and gain some instructions. But
where she could get better suggestions and who will give her better advice⑥ also puzzle her. It is her parents' suggestion that she should consult Professor Wang in Zhongshan Hospital⑦.Professor Wang suggests that she keep a balanced diet first⑧. She should eat vegetables and fruit high in fiber, vitamin and protein. What's more, if she wants to lose weight, she had better take regular exercise more than half an hour a day. Mary asked Professor Wang when she should take exercise⑨.Professor Wang advised her to take exercise at 5 o'clock in the afternoon because she will have more time to do sports.Thanks to Professor Wang, Mary has become much healthier now.
[用法體悟]
①為主語從句。What(＝The thing that)在從句中作主語。
②為表語從句。從句本身意思完整，不缺任何句子成分。
③為同位語從句。補充說明doubt的具體內容，因doubt (疑惑)的意思本身是不確定的，故由whether引導。
④為同位語從句。說明the cause的具體內容，hows用英語怎么讀。
⑤為主語從句。表示“如何”變得更苗條和更健康，故用how引導，how在從句中作方式狀語。
⑥為主語從句。表示去“哪里”咨詢、向“誰”咨詢，故分別用where, who引導。
⑦為同位語從句。說明suggestion的具體內容，從句內容完整，不缺任何句子成分。
⑧為賓語從句。從句內容完整，不缺句子成分。
⑨為賓語從句。when在從句中作時間狀語。
[系統中整合規則]
第三人稱復數：hows how 基本解釋 副詞怎樣; 健康狀況如何; 到何種地步; 以任何方式。名詞方式; 方法 。例句：No matter where you go in life or how old you get, there's always something new to learn about。
(一)主語從句
1．that引導的主語從句
that引導主語從句時，在從句中不作任何成分，也沒有詞匯意義，但一般不可省略。
That the earth goes around the sun is known to all.
眾所周知，hows是什么的縮寫，地球圍著太陽轉。
2．whether/if引導的主語從句
主語從句位于主句謂語動作前，表示“是否”，只能用whether。若用it作形式主語，則whether與if可互換。
Whether we can have clean drinking water lies in what effective measures will be taken by the government about water pollution.
我們能否有干凈的飲用水依賴于政府對水污染將采取什么樣的有效措施。
3．wh-類連接詞引導的主語從句
wh-類連接詞包括連接代詞(who, whom, whose, what, whoever, whomever, whatever等)和連接副詞(when, where, why, how, whenever, wherever, however等)。
What Barbara Jones offers to her fans is honesty and happiness.
芭芭拉·瓊斯展現給她的粉絲們的是誠實和快樂。
4．it作形式主語的主語從句
有時為保持句子平衡，常用it作形式主語，而把主語從句后置。
It's no wonder that he didn't want to go.
how的中文意思是：怎樣。例句：1、How will I ever get on top of all this work?我究竟怎樣才處理得了這么多的工作？2、Today we learnt how to use the new software.今天我們學習了怎樣使用這個新軟件。
難怪他不想去。
(二)賓語從句
1．that引導的賓語從句
that引導賓語從句時無詞義，在從句中不作成分，口語中一般可以省略，但下列情況下不能省略：
(1)當that從句作介詞的賓語時。
How的意思：adv. 如何；多少；多么；n. 方法；方式；conj. 如何；n. (How)人名；(英)豪。讀音：英 [ha?] 。
(2)動詞后跟有多個that引導的賓語從句時，只有第一個that可以省略，從第二個從句開始that不可省略。
2．whether與if引導的賓語從句
whether與if引導賓語從句時，在從句中不作任何成分，但有具體的含義，意為“是否”。在下列情況下只能用whether而不能用if：
(1)賓語從句中有or not且直接跟在關系詞后時，how is翻譯，只能用whether。
I don't know whether or not the report is true.
＝I don't know whether/if the report is true or not.
我不知道這個報道是否是真的。
(2)介詞后的賓語從句要用whether，whether可與不定式連用。
It depends on whether we have enough time.
這取決于我們是否有充足的時間。
They don't know whether to go there.
他們不知道是否去那里。
3．連接代詞和連接副詞引導的賓語從句
連接代詞和連接副詞引導賓語從句時既充當句子成分又有具體詞義，且不可省略。
Our teachers always tell us to believe in what we do and who we are if we want to succeed.
中文意思是：是怎樣的 也可以讀作：What is it like?how 英 [ha?] 美 [ha?]adv.怎樣;健康狀況如何;到何種地步;以任何方式 n.方式;方法 復數： hows is 英 [?z] 美 [?z]vt。
我們的老師總是告訴我們，如果想成功的話，就要相信我們所做的事以及我們自己。
4．it作形式賓語的賓語從句
(1)一些動詞后的賓語從句有賓語補足語時，則需要用it作形式賓語，而將賓語從句后置。常見的這類動詞有find, think, consider, believe, guess, suppose, make等。
He has made it clear that the meeting will not be postponed.
他清楚地表明會議不會被推遲。
(2)hate, like, dislike, appreciate, enjoy等表示“喜歡”“厭惡”的動詞以及一些動詞短語see to, depend on, rely on等后面常用it作形式賓語，而將賓語從句后置。
I shall see to it that he is taken good care of when you are absent.
你不在的時候，我負責把他照顧好。
(三)表語從句
1．that/whether/as if (though)/because/why引導的表語從句
(1)that, whether引導的表語從句。
在表語從句中，that無詞義，一般不能省略；whether意為“是否”。
The problem is whether the air pollution can be controlled.
問題是空氣污染能否被控制住。
(2)as if/though引導的表語從句，有時可用虛擬語氣。
The thick smog covered the whole city.It was as if/though a great black blanket had been thrown over it.
厚重的煙霧覆蓋著整座城市，好像一個巨大的黑色毯子扔到它的上面。
(3)because, why引導的表語從句。
This/That is because ...這/那是因為……(This/That is why ...這/那就是為什么……)
He failed.That is because he didn't work hard.
他失敗了。那是因為他沒有努力工作。
2．連接代詞、連接副詞引導的表語從句
(1)連接代詞有：who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whomever, whosever, whatever, whichever等。連接代詞在從句中作主語、賓語、表語或定語。
(2)連接副詞有：when, where, why, how, whenever, wherever, however等。連接副詞在從句中作狀語。
I'd like to start my own business — that's what I'd do if I had the money.
我愿意自己創業——那就是如果我有錢將會做的事情。
That was where we camped last time.
那就是我們上次野營的地方。
(四)同位語從句的連接詞
同位語從句在句中作某一名詞(news, fact, idea, desire, suggestion, promise, information等)的同位語，一般位于該名詞之后，說明該名詞的具體內容。引導同位語從句的連接詞主要有that, whether, why, who, where, how, when等。在同位語從句中，that和whether不作成分，that無詞義，bown是什么意思，whether表示“是否”；if不能引導同位語從句。引導同位語從句的連接詞一般都不能省略。
The report that he was going to resign was false.
他將辭職的報道是假的。
[集訓中明晰考點]
考點1連接詞that與whether/if
(1)that只起連接的作用，無詞義，不充當句子成分；在賓語從句中可以省略，但在主語從句、表語從句、同位語從句中不能省略；
(2)連接詞whether表示“是否”，只起連接的作用，不充當句子成分，在部分賓語從句及it作形式主語的主語從句中可以替換成if。
1．(2021年1月新高考8省聯考卷改編)The magician's success depends on the fact ________ many things seen by the eye are not the things that matter.
解析：that句意：魔術師的成功取決于這樣一個事實：眼睛看到的很多東西都不是重要的東西。分析句子成分可知，How is是什么意思，the fact后為同位語從句，從句不缺成分，句意完整，故填that。
how [英]ha? [美]ha?adv. 怎樣;健康狀況如何;到何種地步;以任何方式 n. 方法;方式 [例句]How s & p makes sovereignratings 標準普爾如何進行主權評級 請采納 如果你認可我的回答。
2.Oliver says if you're lucky enough to have someone close to you who enjoys cooking, ask them ________ you can join in when it's possible.
解析：if/whether分析句子結構可知，“________ you can join in when it's possible”為賓語從句，且從句成分完整，表示“問他們是否你可以加入”，所以填if/whether。
3.It is possible ________ caffeine may cause birth defects (缺陷) in humans, too.
解析：that分析句子結構可知，該句是一個主從復合句，it作形式主語，真正的主語是設空處引導的從句，且空處在從句中不作任何成分，故填that。
考點2連接代詞
連接代詞who, whom, whose, what, which等不但起連接作用，也在從句中作名詞或代詞所作的成分，如主語、表語、賓語、定語等，weu的意思。如果缺少連接代詞，則從句不完整。
1.Going to Mount Huangshan reminds me of the popular Beatles' song “The Long and Winding Road”．________ is so breathtaking about the experience is the out-of-this-world scenes.
解析：What分析句子成分可知，“________ is so breathtaking about the experience”是主語從句，空處在從句中作主語，表達“……的事物”的意思，且位于句首。故填What。
2. (2020·浙江7月高考) Over thousands of years, they began to depend less on ________ could be hunted or gathered from the wild，and more on animals they had raised and crops they had sown.
解析：what句意：經過了幾千年，他們開始較少地依靠野外獵取或采集的東西，而更多地依靠他們飼養的動物和播種的農作物。分析句子結構可知，______ could be hunted or gathered from the wild作depend on的賓語，且從句中又缺少主語。表示“……的東西”，因此填連接代詞what。
3.I'm not sure ________ is more frightened, me or the female gorilla (大猩猩) that suddenly appears out of nowhere.
解析：who句意：我不確定誰更害怕，是我還是那只不知從何處突然蹦出來的雌性大猩猩。根據句意和句子結構可知，空處引導賓語從句，并在從句中作主語，lilyismyfriend是什么意思，表示“誰”，故填who。
4.In her panic she couldn't remember _____ was Mr Grainger's cabin.
解析：which 空處引導賓語從句并在從句中作主語，表示“哪一個”，應填which。
連接副詞how, when, where, why不但起連接作用，且在從句中作狀語，表示方式、時間、地點和原因等。
考點3連接副詞
1.That's ________ I have a membership at the coworking space across the street — so I can focus.
How‘s it going意思是怎么樣。一、how：1、讀音：英 [ha?]，美 [ha?]2、意思：adv. 怎樣；多么；如何 conj. 如何；怎樣；以 方式 n. 方式 3、例句。
解析：why分析句式結構可知，該空應填引導表語從句的連接詞，該連接詞在從句中作狀語，根據語境可知填why。
2.At this point，it is not clear ________ dogs seem to be equipped with the ability to recognize different facial expressions in humans.
解析：why分析句式結構可知，該空應填引導主語從句的連接詞，該連接詞在從句中作狀語，根據語境可知填why。
3.What students do at college seems to matter much more than ________ they go.
解析：where此處表示“學生們在大學里做什么似乎要比去哪里上大學更重要”，空處在從句中作地點狀語，故填where。
4.By boat is the only way to get here, which is ________ we arrived.
adv. 怎樣;健康狀況如何;到何種地步;以任何方式 n. 方法;方式 名詞復數:hows [例句]How s & p makes sovereignratings 標準普爾如何進行主權評級
解析：how句意：坐船是到達這里唯一的方式，這就是我們如何到達的。how 引導表語從句，并在從句中作方式狀語。
此類連接詞有whatever, whoever, whichever, whenever, wherever, however等，不但起連接作用，而且在從句中充當主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語等。
考點4“疑問詞＋-ever”類連接詞
1.This actor often has the first two tricks planned before performing，and then goes for ________.
解析：whatever句意：這個演員時常在表演前就計劃好前兩個技巧，然后全力以赴。此處作介詞for的賓語，表示無范圍的選擇，haven的意思中文翻譯，故用whatever。此處可視為名詞性從句的省略，即．..goes for whatever he wants。
How's= How is 如 How's the weather today?今天天氣怎么樣？
2.My grandmother helped me believe that I could accomplish ________ I put my mind to.
解析：whatever句意：我的祖母幫助我相信我能完成我下定決心要做的任何事情。這是一個含有賓語從句的復合句，且引導詞在從句中作介詞to的賓語，表示“無論什么，任何事情”，故用whatever。
3.The gold medal will be awarded to ________ wins the first place in the bicycle race.
解析：whoever句意：這塊金牌將被授予在這場自行車比賽中獲得第一名的人。介詞to后是賓語從句，從句中缺主語且表示“人”，因此填whoever引導賓語從句并在從句中作主語。
[自測中查漏補缺]
Ⅰ.單句語法填空
1.We had to carry everything we needed and walk three miles to where we worked.
2.It is not a problem whether/if we can win the battle; it's just a matter of time.
3.Without his support, we wouldn't be where we are now.
4.This is what my father has taught me — to always face difficulties and hope for the best.
5.Whether Tom will win the computer competition remains a secret till next Monday.
6．He called attention to the fact that many files were missing.
7．I will send the entertaining and informative books to whoever needs them.
hows是how的名詞復數，意思是：如何做的方式 由字母、數字、單詞、引語或縮略詞語變成的復數在其后加's或直接s，例句：1. Now, we are accentuating hows, which used to be neglected by people.現在。
8．I was late this morning.That was because I was held up in a traffic jam.
How's是什么意思中文 How is 的縮寫 怎么樣？ JINGRUIJIAOYU MISSYU how是什么意思中文翻譯 how [英] [ha?][美] [ha?] adv. 怎樣, 怎么, 如何; [用于詢問某事的情況或質量]怎么樣。
Ⅱ.完成句子
1．He is a far cry from what_he_used_to_be.
他與過去的他大不相同了。
2．Many parents often give their children whatever_they_want.
很多父母經常給孩子們他們想要的任何東西。
3．It's_no_wonder_that you have achieved so much success.
難怪你取得了這么大的成功。
4．The question is how_we_can_do_the_work_better.
問題是我們如何才能將這項工作做得更好。
5．Whoever_leaves_the_room last ought to turn off the lights.
最后離開房間的人應該關燈。
Ⅲ.語法填空
Today, Mount Qomolangma's peak is not a lonely place any more.Over 3,500 people have __1__ (successful)climbed the mountain over the past year.Meanwhile, climbers have complained about __2__ (wait)for hours in the bottlenecks.
In fact，the dangerous __3__ (crowd)aren't the only problem.All those climbers need __4__ (bring)a lot of gear (設備), much of which ends up being left on the mountain.It is becoming the world's __5__ (tall) rubbish dump.
But the good news is __6__ some mountaineers have started to clean up Qomolangma.Mountaineers Paul and Eberhard are part of Eco Everest Expedition, which has been cleaning up rubbish since 2008.So far they __7__ (collect) over 13 tons of garbage.
Some of that rubbish is even being used for __8__ higher purpose.As part of the Mount Everest 8,848 Art Project，a group of 15 artists from Nepal collected 1.5 tons of garbage.They've changed the cans and oxygen tanks into 74 pieces of art that have already been exhibited __9__ Nepal's capital.Part of the profit from sales __10__ (be)available for the Everest Peakeers Association which has helped collect rubbish off the mountain.
語篇解讀：文章主要介紹了珠穆朗瑪峰的污染情況以及現在采取的應對污染的措施和取得的成效。
1．successfully考查副詞。修飾動詞climbed應用副詞，故填successfully。
2．waiting考查非謂語動詞。此處位于介詞about之后應用動名詞形式，故填waiting。
3．crowds考查名詞復數。根據空前的形容詞dangerous可知，空處應用名詞形式，crowd “人群”為可數名詞，且句子的謂語aren't為復數形式，所以應用復數形式crowds。
4．to bring考查非謂語動詞。此處表示所有那些登山者都需要帶著大量設備，故此處用need to do sth.“需要做某事”。
5．tallest考查形容詞的最高級。根據句中的the world's“全世界范圍內的”可知，此處表示最高級的含義，故用形容詞最高級tallest。
6．that考查名詞性從句。分析句子結構并結合語境可知，空處引導表語從句，引導詞在從句中不充當成分，僅起連接作用，故用that引導該從句。
7．have collected考查動詞的時態和主謂一致。根據句中的時間狀語So far可知，此處表示截止到現在已收集的垃圾數量，所以應用現在完成時；又主語they為復數，故填have collected。
8．a考查冠詞。此處表示“一個更高的目標”，表泛指，在文中第一次提到，且higher的發音以輔音音素開頭，故用a。
9．in考查介詞。根據語境可知，此處表示“在尼泊爾的首都”，故填in。
10．is考查動詞的時態和主謂一致。根據語境可知，此處為一般性描述，應用一般現在時；該句主語為“Part of the profit from sales”，此處表示單數概念，應填is。
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